Wednesday, October 31, 2012

Excess nitrogen fertilizer increasing warming in China

Excess nitrogen fertilizer increasing warming in China [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 31-Oct-2012
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Contact: Michael Bishop
michael.bishop@iop.org
01-179-301-032
Institute of Physics

Halving the amount of nitrogen fertiliser used in certain areas of China would substantially decrease greenhouse gas emissions without affecting crop productivity and the area's natural carbon sink.

This is according to a new study, published today, 1 November, in IOP Publishing's Environmental Research Letters, which showed that a 60 per cent reduction in fertiliser use would significantly reduce emissions from areas that are, anyway, "over-fertilised", such as the North China Plain and middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin.

China is currently tasked with meeting the food demands of 22 per cent of the world's population; however, its over-reliance on nitrogen-based fertiliser has dramatically increased its emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) the most potent greenhouse gas.

According to the study, since 2002, the warming effect caused by N2O emissions has been significantly greater than the cooling effects from the croplands storing carbon dioxide (CO2).

Looking at the past six decades, the researchers found that between 1949 and 1990 nitrogen fertiliser increased the rates of crop production and the storage of soil carbon; however, from 1990 onwards, they found that the rate of soil carbon storage stopped and the rate of crop production slowed.

In the 1990s, nitrogen fertiliser was contributing to 53 per cent of the crop production but since then has contributed to 49 per cent, even though more of it was being used, suggesting it had become less effective.

Nitrogen fertiliser can be beneficial to the climate, providing crops with essential nutrients so they can grow and create a larger natural carbon sink in soils, taking in excess carbon dioxide (CO2) that is released into the atmosphere. As a result of this balance, the warming effects of N2O can be less impactful.

When applied to crops and plants, nitrogen enters the soil and reacts with bacteria, which gives off N2O as a waste product. N2O is the third highest contributor to climate change behind CO2 and methane but is the most potent of the greenhouse gases as it absorbs infrared radiation more readily.

According to the researchers, the warming effects of nitrogen fertiliser-induced N2O emissions in China are now much greater than the cooling effects of nitrogen-stimulated CO2 uptake, resulting in overall warming.

Co-author of the study, Dr Hanqin Tian, said: "Nitrogen fertiliser has become less efficient in recent years as the nitrogen input has surpassed nitrogen demands of plants and microbes. Excess nitrogen is not stimulating plant growth but leaving the system through leaching and nitrous gas emissions.

"We need to advance education programs to inform Chinese farmers of both the economic and environmental costs of excessive nitrogen fertiliser use. Effective management practices such as compound fertiliser use and optimised irrigation and tillage should be advanced to increase nitrogen use efficiency."

###

From Thursday 1 November, this paper can be downloaded from http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/4/044020/article

Notes to Editors

Contact

1. For further information, a full draft of the journal paper or contact with one of the researchers, contact IOP Press Officer, Michael Bishop:
Tel: +44 (0)117 930 1032
E-mail: Michael.bishop@iop.org

Food benefit and climate warming potential of nitrogen fertilizer uses in China

2. The published version of the paper 'Food benefit and climate warming potential induced by nitrogen fertilizer uses in China' (Hanqin Tian et al 2012 Environ. Res. Lett. 7 044020) will be freely available online from Thursday 1 November. It will be available at http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/4/044020/article

Environmental Research Letters

3. Environmental Research Letters is an open access journal that covers all of environmental science, providing a coherent and integrated approach including research articles, perspectives and editorials.

IOP Publishing

4. IOP Publishing provides publications through which leading-edge scientific research is distributed worldwide. IOP Publishing is central to the Institute of Physics (IOP), a not-for-profit society. Any financial surplus earned by IOP Publishing goes to support science through the activities of IOP.Beyond our traditional journals programme, we make high-value scientific information easily accessible through an ever-evolving portfolio of community websites, magazines, conference proceedings and a multitude of electronic services. Focused on making the most of new technologies, we're continually improving our electronic interfaces to make it easier for researchers to find exactly what they need, when they need it, in the format that suits them best. Go to http://ioppublishing.org/.

The Institute of Physics

5. The Institute of Physics is a leading scientific society promoting physics and bringing physicists together for the benefit of all.

It has a worldwide membership of around 40 000 comprising physicists from all sectors, as well as those with an interest in physics. It works to advance physics research, application and education; and engages with policymakers and the public to develop awareness and understanding of physics. Its publishing company, IOP Publishing, is a world leader in professional scientific communications. Go to www.iop.org


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Excess nitrogen fertilizer increasing warming in China [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 31-Oct-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Michael Bishop
michael.bishop@iop.org
01-179-301-032
Institute of Physics

Halving the amount of nitrogen fertiliser used in certain areas of China would substantially decrease greenhouse gas emissions without affecting crop productivity and the area's natural carbon sink.

This is according to a new study, published today, 1 November, in IOP Publishing's Environmental Research Letters, which showed that a 60 per cent reduction in fertiliser use would significantly reduce emissions from areas that are, anyway, "over-fertilised", such as the North China Plain and middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin.

China is currently tasked with meeting the food demands of 22 per cent of the world's population; however, its over-reliance on nitrogen-based fertiliser has dramatically increased its emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) the most potent greenhouse gas.

According to the study, since 2002, the warming effect caused by N2O emissions has been significantly greater than the cooling effects from the croplands storing carbon dioxide (CO2).

Looking at the past six decades, the researchers found that between 1949 and 1990 nitrogen fertiliser increased the rates of crop production and the storage of soil carbon; however, from 1990 onwards, they found that the rate of soil carbon storage stopped and the rate of crop production slowed.

In the 1990s, nitrogen fertiliser was contributing to 53 per cent of the crop production but since then has contributed to 49 per cent, even though more of it was being used, suggesting it had become less effective.

Nitrogen fertiliser can be beneficial to the climate, providing crops with essential nutrients so they can grow and create a larger natural carbon sink in soils, taking in excess carbon dioxide (CO2) that is released into the atmosphere. As a result of this balance, the warming effects of N2O can be less impactful.

When applied to crops and plants, nitrogen enters the soil and reacts with bacteria, which gives off N2O as a waste product. N2O is the third highest contributor to climate change behind CO2 and methane but is the most potent of the greenhouse gases as it absorbs infrared radiation more readily.

According to the researchers, the warming effects of nitrogen fertiliser-induced N2O emissions in China are now much greater than the cooling effects of nitrogen-stimulated CO2 uptake, resulting in overall warming.

Co-author of the study, Dr Hanqin Tian, said: "Nitrogen fertiliser has become less efficient in recent years as the nitrogen input has surpassed nitrogen demands of plants and microbes. Excess nitrogen is not stimulating plant growth but leaving the system through leaching and nitrous gas emissions.

"We need to advance education programs to inform Chinese farmers of both the economic and environmental costs of excessive nitrogen fertiliser use. Effective management practices such as compound fertiliser use and optimised irrigation and tillage should be advanced to increase nitrogen use efficiency."

###

From Thursday 1 November, this paper can be downloaded from http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/4/044020/article

Notes to Editors

Contact

1. For further information, a full draft of the journal paper or contact with one of the researchers, contact IOP Press Officer, Michael Bishop:
Tel: +44 (0)117 930 1032
E-mail: Michael.bishop@iop.org

Food benefit and climate warming potential of nitrogen fertilizer uses in China

2. The published version of the paper 'Food benefit and climate warming potential induced by nitrogen fertilizer uses in China' (Hanqin Tian et al 2012 Environ. Res. Lett. 7 044020) will be freely available online from Thursday 1 November. It will be available at http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/4/044020/article

Environmental Research Letters

3. Environmental Research Letters is an open access journal that covers all of environmental science, providing a coherent and integrated approach including research articles, perspectives and editorials.

IOP Publishing

4. IOP Publishing provides publications through which leading-edge scientific research is distributed worldwide. IOP Publishing is central to the Institute of Physics (IOP), a not-for-profit society. Any financial surplus earned by IOP Publishing goes to support science through the activities of IOP.Beyond our traditional journals programme, we make high-value scientific information easily accessible through an ever-evolving portfolio of community websites, magazines, conference proceedings and a multitude of electronic services. Focused on making the most of new technologies, we're continually improving our electronic interfaces to make it easier for researchers to find exactly what they need, when they need it, in the format that suits them best. Go to http://ioppublishing.org/.

The Institute of Physics

5. The Institute of Physics is a leading scientific society promoting physics and bringing physicists together for the benefit of all.

It has a worldwide membership of around 40 000 comprising physicists from all sectors, as well as those with an interest in physics. It works to advance physics research, application and education; and engages with policymakers and the public to develop awareness and understanding of physics. Its publishing company, IOP Publishing, is a world leader in professional scientific communications. Go to www.iop.org


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-10/iop-enf103012.php

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Thursday, October 25, 2012

Living power cables discovered: Multicellular bacteria transmit electrons across relatively great distances

ScienceDaily (Oct. 24, 2012) ? A multinational research team has discovered filamentous bacteria that function as living power cables in order to transmit electrons thousands of cell lengths away.

The Desulfobulbus bacterial cells, which are only a few thousandths of a millimeter long each, are so tiny that they are invisible to the naked eye. And yet, under the right circumstances, they form a multicellular filament that can transmit electrons across a distance as large as 1 centimeter as part of the filament's respiration and ingestion processes.

The discovery by scientists at Aarhus University in Denmark and USC will be published in Nature on October 24.

"To move electrons over these enormous distances in an entirely biological system would have been thought impossible," said Moh El-Naggar, assistant professor of physics at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, and co-author of the Nature paper.

Aarhus scientists had discovered a seemingly inexplicable electric current on the sea floor years ago. The new experiments revealed that these currents are mediated by a hitherto unknown type of long, multicellular bacteria that act as living power cables

"Until we found the cables we imagined something cooperative where electrons were transported through external networks between different bacteria. It was indeed a surprise to realize, that it was all going on inside a single organism," said Lars Peter Nielsen of the Aarhus Department of Bioscience, and a corresponding author of the Nature paper.

The team studied bacteria living in marine sediments that power themselves by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide. Cells at the bottom live in a zone that is poor in oxygen but rich in hydrogen sulfide, and those at the top live in an area rich in oxygen but poor in hydrogen sulfide.

The solution? They form long chains that transport individual electrons from the bottom to the top, completing the chemical reaction and generating life-sustaining energy.

"You have feeder cells on one end and breather cells on the other, allowing the whole living cable to survive," El-Naggar said.

Aarhus and USC researchers collaborated to use physical techniques to evaluate the long-distance electron transfer in the filamentous bacteria. El-Naggar and his colleagues had previously used scanning-probe microscopy and nanofabrication methods to describe how bacteria use nanoscale structures called "bacterial nanowires" to transmit electrons many body lengths away from cells.

"I'm a physicist, so when I look at remarkable phenomena like this, I like to put it into a quantifiable process," El-Naggar said.

El-Naggar, who was just chosen as one of the Popular Science Brilliant 10 young scientists for his work in biological physics, said physicists are increasingly being tapped to tackle tough biological questions.

"This world is so fertile right now," he said. "It's just exploding."

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Southern California. The original article was written by Robert Perkins.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Christian Pfeffer, Steffen Larsen, Jie Song, Mingdong Dong, Flemming Besenbacher, Rikke Louise Meyer, Kasper Urup Kjeldsen, Lars Schreiber, Yuri A. Gorby, Mohamed Y. El-Naggar, Kar Man Leung, Andreas Schramm, Nils Risgaard-Petersen, Lars Peter Nielsen. Filamentous bacteria transport electrons over centimetre distances. Nature, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nature11586

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/matter_energy/electricity/~3/kum6caabJEY/121024150803.htm

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Court blocks Indiana law cutting Planned Parenthood funds

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/court-blocks-indiana-law-cutting-planned-parenthood-funds-173524885--sector.html

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Novartis defends flu drugs, posts flat Q3 profits

(AP) ? Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis AG defended a range of flu drugs that have been banned in Italy, while posting virtually flat third quarter profits as new drugs offset patent expirations.

The Basel-based company said Thursday it still had "confidence in the safety and efficacy of its seasonal influenza vaccines Agrippal and Fluad manufactured in Italy."

On Wednesday, Italy's health ministry banned the sale of four Novartis flu drugs for possible side-effects. Switzerland's regulator, Swissmedic, also suspended deliveries of flu vaccines from Novartis as a preventive measure against possible contamination.

On the earnings front, Novartis reported a net profit of $2.48 billion in the July-September quarter, more or less the same as last year's equivalent of $2.49 billion.

But third-quarter net sales fell 7 percent to $13.8 billion from $14.8 billion in the third quarter of last year, hurt by the Sept. 21 loss of the U.S. patent on its blockbuster hypertension drug Diovan, which faces generic competition, and a 13 percent decline in net sales at its Sandoz generic division.

In its earnings statement Thursday, Novartis noted that recent product launches had offset patent expirations such as hypertension drug Diovan, which faces generic competition in the United States.

"Pharmaceuticals had another solid quarter," Chief Executive Joseph Jimenez said in a statement.

He said the results were helped by approvals for Afinitor for treating advanced breast cancer, which the company expects to help push sales of the drug above the $1 billion mark.

Novartis confirmed its outlook for 2012, saying the strong U.S. dollar is expected to cut 3-4 percent from its full-year sales if September's average exchange rates "prevail for the remainder of the year.

Analysts at Zuercher Kantonalbank said sales fell below expectations, but noted the strong potential for growth shown by Novartis' new products, particularly its portfolio of respiratory drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.

Novartis shares were down 0.3 percent at 57.05 Swiss francs ($61.36) in early trading on the Zurich exchange.

_____

Associated Press Writer Frank Jordans contributed to this report from Berlin

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2012-10-25-Switzerland-Earns-Novartis/id-b59483682975485b8dbfc9a121004356

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Stop Chasing Jobs, Start Chasing Companies and Contacts

Stop Chasing Jobs, Start Chasing Companies and Contacts When you're out of work, looking for work should be a full-time job. Even so, refreshing and responding to posts on job boards is less effective than ever. So what do you do? Hannah Morgan at Career Sherpa has a suggestion: stop spending so much time on job boards and use that time to find interesting companies, introduce yourself and network with people inside those companies, and apply directly.

Big job sites definitely have a place, and we're a bit more optimistic about your chances with them than Hannah is, but she notes that major job sites are really only good for finding out what skills are in demand in your field, see what job titles people are using in your field, and which recruiters, hiring firms, and industries are doing the most hiring so you can bypass the boards and go after them directly. In the end, she argues, your chances of actually landing a job are much higher when you network and make personal connections?even if you spend the same amount of time on two or three introductions and phone calls that you could have spent applying for dozens of openings on major sites.

If you're not convinced, hit the link below?she explains why major job sites are generally a recipe for disappointment (namely, you're competing with hundreds of people for a job that may have only been posted because of company policy, and the hiring manager either already knows someone, has a referral, or fills the position internally.)

We've discussed whether what you know or who you know is more important (spoiler: it's both,) but this approach is likely to get you into the companies where you really want to work, as opposed to just getting a form-rejection in your inbox.

Stop Chasing Jobs | Career Sherpa

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/5Zu5AhElayU/stop-chasing-jobs-start-chasing-companies-and-contacts

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Athens Library collecting items for care packages to be sent to troops in ... - al.com (blog)

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Source: http://athens.waff.com/news/news/84206-athens-library-collecting-items-care-packages-be-sent-troops-alcom-blog

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Micro close-ups are creepy ? and cool!

Geir Drange

Get an up-close view of an ant carrying its baby, plus other top-20 winners in the 2012 Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition.

By Alan Boyle

Small wonders can be icky as well as clicky, as this year's top images in the Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition demonstrate. First-ever picture of the blood-brain barrier forming in a live animal? Got it. Ultra-close-ups of a desert rose and a baby garlic flower? Got 'em. Creepy pictures of bat embryos and eight-eyed spiders? Got those, too.

Ninety-nine winners were chosen out of hundreds of photographers from around the world who participated in the Small World contest, which has been presented by Nikon since 1975 to recognize excellence in photomicrography. We're featuring the top 20 images in our slideshow.


Top honors go to Jennifer Peters and Michael Taylor of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Nashville, Tenn., who captured what's thought to be an unprecedented picture of the blood-brain barrier in a live zebrafish embryo.

The barrier is a structure of cells that let nutrients and other necessities move between blood vessels and the central nervous system, while keeping bacteria and other baddies out of the brain's territory.

"We used fluorescent proteins to look at brain endothelial cells and watched the blood-brain barrier develop in real time," Peters and Taylor said, in a statement explaining the genesis of their winning image. "We took a three-dimensional snapshot under a confocal microscope. Then we stacked the images and compressed them into one ? pseudo-coloring them in rainbow to illustrate depth."

The result is a matrix that appears to shine in the darkness like the craziest neon sculpture you've ever seen. Other winning pictures present views of a ladybug's leg, a fruit fly's gut or a bone cancer cell in similarly glowing colors.

And then there are the curiously creepy pictures: a series of three bat embryos, showing how the critters' flesh-colored wings grow longer during gestation ... an ant gripping one of its larvae in its jaws ... newborn lynx spiderlings that turn their eight eyes toward the microscope's lens.

In some cases, the photomicrographs were created in the course of a research project ? but in other cases, the pictures are primarily meant to convey the wonder of small worlds. For example, photographer Charles Krebs was led to create his 17th-place image when he was stung by nettles. "After the numbness in my fingertips subsided, I carefully collected some, and took a look at the underside of a leaf," he wrote on Photomacrography.net. His 100x image shows a nettle's stinging hair, or trichome, filled with venom.

Eric Flem, communications manager for Nikon Instruments, said it was a privilege to showcase some of the world's best photomicrography. "We are proud that this competition is able to demonstrate the true power of scientific imaging and its relevance to the scientific communities as well as the general public," he said in today's news release. A total of $6,000 worth of Nikon products and equipment will go to the three top prize winnres.

Click through the top-20 slideshow, then check out the Nikon Small World website for scores of additional images of distinction. You can see the contest's top images offline as well, in the form of Nikon's full-color calendar and a touring museum exhibition. And you'll find a huge stockpile of small wonders in the slideshows listed below:


Alan Boyle is msnbc.com's science editor, and was on the judging panel for the 2011 Nikon Small World Competition. Connect with the?Cosmic Log?community by "liking" the log's?Facebook page, following?@b0yle on Twitter?and adding the?Cosmic Log page?to your Google+ presence. You can also check out?"The Case for Pluto,"?my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.

Source: http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/23/14630862-creepy-critters-and-cool-close-ups-nikons-micro-photo-contest-has-it-all?lite

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'Addictive' cigarette smoking games on smartphones target kids ...

You can do just about anything with your phone these days. Take an electrocardiogram. Confess your sins. Even smoke a cigarette

Yup, you read that correctly. Android and Apple offer apps that let you light and smoke a virtual cigarette. You simply blow into the microphone, or onto the screen, and an image of a cigarette glows red and "burns."

Some apps time how long it takes to puff the whole fag, while others have a virtual ashtray that pops up messages like, "Would be even better with a beer in your hand!"

Public health researchers at the University of Sydney have found 107 apps on iPhones and Androids with pro-smoking messages, including these so-called smoking simulators.

Many of the apps are free to download and target children or teens by using cartoons, games and celebrities.

The researchers, who describe the apps this week in the journal Tobacco Control, say these games violate the World Health Organization's bans on smoking advertisements. They call for more regulation of the apps' content and distribution.

It has been clear for a while that cigarette ads have a dramatic effect on kids. So much so, that tobacco companies are forbidden from advertising directly to them. In the U.S., the tobacco industry can't sponsor sports teams, give away t-shirts or even advertise on TV.

But now it looks like tobacco companies have found a loophole in these regulations through the smartphone apps.

Besides the simulators, there are also photo galleries of cigarettes for wallpapering your phone, instructions for rolling cigarettes into various shapes and tobacco "shops" where you can build your own cigarettes.

By far, the smoking simulators are the most popular, at least in terms of downloads. The researchers found 36 simulators on the iPhone and 10 on Android. At least 6 million users downloaded the Android simulators by February 2012, accounting for nearly 99 percent of the pro-smoking downloads.

Another iPhone app, called Puff Puff Pass, depicts a virtual smoking sessions with friends, allowing you to pass a cigar or cigarette around the room. "Addictive gameplay, almost as addictive as smoking for real," the app's description reads at the iPhone Store.

Such interactive games may be worse for kids than billboards and magazine ads, says Barbara Loken, a consumer psychologist at the University of Minnesota. "They increase the involvement or engagement of the participant, even more than advertisements," Loken tells Shots in an email. This "may make the participant even more likely to take up smoking."

Ironically, some of pro-smoking Android apps landed in the Health and Fitness category because they claim to help stop smoking.

But Loken says that an app would have to depict smoking in negative light for it to facilitate quitting. "If anything, [the apps] normalize smoking," Loken says. "Kidsare at a stage where their forming their identity. The apps can provide ... a way of making smoking normal among peer groups."

There's plenty of research out there showing how smoking in movies impacts tobacco use in teens, Loken says. Most studies have found that the greater number of movies viewed, the more likely a person will uptake smoking.

A similar effect may occur with these smartphone apps, Loken says. So she thinks they should be restricted, too.

The only regulation right now is a warning of mature content when you download some apps on the iPhone. And, users must enter their birthdays for apps distributed by Marlboro. But for many smoking simulators and games, finding and installing them is as easy for kids as playing Angry Birds.

Source: http://www.kplu.org/post/addictive-cigarette-smoking-games-smartphones-target-kids

lionel richie mike brown jacoby ellsbury jacoby ellsbury morosini death kenny rogers avatar the last airbender

Wednesday, October 24, 2012

Starting A Home Party Business | Article Directory | Submit Article ...

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Affiliate Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Blogging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Domain Names
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ECommerce
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Email
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Internet Marketing
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Video
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Web Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Web Hosting
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Copyright
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Immigration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Intellectual Property
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • National, State, Local
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Personal Injury
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • International Marketing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Marketing Tips
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Viral Marketing
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Economics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Environment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Free
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Journalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Nature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Philosophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Politics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Women?s Issues
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Breakup
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Dating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Divorce
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Marriage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Weddings
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Addictions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Advice
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Motivational
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • NLP Hypnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Public Speaking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Self Help
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Clothing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Fashion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Gifts
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Astrology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Meditation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Metaphysics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Numerology
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